Using a stepwise grafting strategy, Cu-DOTA and heparin were covalently grafted on the pAMDA-coated stent based on carbodiimide chemistry. The stent surface was firstly coated with polydopamine (pDA), followed by a surface chemical cross-link with polyamine (pAM) to form a durable pAMDA coating. Herein, we present a mussel-inspired amine-bearing adhesive coating able to firmly tether the NO-generating species (e.g., Cu-DOTA coordination complex) and glycocalyx-like component (e.g., heparin) to create a durable endothelium-mimicking surface. However, the practical performance of such an endothelium-mimicking surfaces is strictly limited by the durability of both NO release and bioactivity of the glycocalyx component. Mimicking the nitric oxide (NO)-release and glycocalyx functions of native vascular endothelium on cardiovascular stent surfaces has been demonstrated to reduce in-stent restenosis (ISR) effectively.
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